Elucidating liquid-liquid phase separation under non-equilibrium conditions

Crystallization is a well-explored natural phenomenon where atoms or molecules arrange themselves into highly organized solid forms called crystals. This phenomenon has been widely utilized across pharmaceutical and agrochemicals industries, as well as in the food industries, to form, separate, and purify pure crystalline materials. The process is usually considered a solid-liquid phase transition, but it can also involve liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS).